Incidencia de cáncer de mama a 5 años en mujeres con lesiones premalignas / Incidence of breast cancer at 5 years in women with premalignant lesions

Resumen OBJETIVO: Determinar la incidencia acumulada de cáncer de mama a cinco años de seguimiento en pacientes con lesiones preinvasoras o premalignas de la glándula mamaria en un centro de referencia y establecer los factores de riesgo asociados. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio de cohorte retrospectiva efectuado en pacientes atendidas en el Hospital Ángeles Lomas entre los años 2012 a 2016 con diagnóstico, durante su tamizaje mastográfico, de alguna lesión precursora o preinvasora de cáncer de mama. El seguimiento fue a cinco años para determinar la incidencia. Las variables categóricas se expresan en frecuencias y porcentajes. Se utilizó la prueba de χ2 para diferencia de proporciones entre grupos. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvieron 3360 pacientes que acudieron al servicio de Mastología durante el tiempo establecido. Se obtuvieron 245 pacientes con lesiones premalignas pero 30 de ellas no cumplieron con el seguimiento a cinco años y se perdieron en ese tiempo estipulado de vigilancia. Al final quedaron 215 pacientes que cumplieron todos los criterios de inclusión establecidos. La incidencia acumulada global de cáncer de mama invasivo fue que a 5 años el 14.9% de las pacientes con lesiones premalignas tendrá cáncer de mama. El carcinoma lobulillar in situ fue el de mayor incidencia o progresión de cáncer invasor, con un 32.1% a los cinco años, seguido de las lesiones mucocele-like, carcinoma ductal in situ y papiloma intraductal con un 23.1, 21.1 y 17.1%, respectivamente. CONCLUSIONES: El cáncer de mama sigue siendo un problema de salud pública en México y en todo el mundo. Si bien cada vez se dispone de más y mejores programas de tamizaje, ello ha traído consigo otras problemáticas, como las lesiones premalignas o de alto riesgo de carcinogénesis, que han aumentado su incidencia.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine the cumulative incidence of breast cancer at five years of follow-up in patients with preinvasive or premalignant lesions of the mammary gland in a referral canter and to establish the associated risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective cohort study carried out in patients seen at Hospital Ángeles Lomas between 2012 and 2016 with a diagnosis, during their mastographic screening, of a precursor or pre-invasive lesion of breast cancer. Categorical variables are expressed in frequencies and percentages. The χ2 test was used for difference of proportions between groups. RESULTS: We obtained 3360 patients who attended the mastology service during the established time. We obtained 245 patients with premalignant lesions but 30 of them did not comply with the five-year follow-up and were lost within the stipulated surveillance period. This left 215 patients who met all the inclusion criteria. The overall cumulative incidence of invasive breast cancer was that at 5 years 14.9% of patients with premalignant lesions will have breast cancer. Lobular carcinoma in situ had the highest incidence or progression of invasive cancer, with 32.1% at 5 years, followed by mucocele-like lesions, ductal carcinoma in situ and intraductal papilloma with 23.1, 21.1 and 17.1%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Breast cancer remains a public health problem in Mexico and worldwide. Although more and better screening programmes are becoming available, this has brought with it other problems, such as premalignant or high-risk carcinogenic lesions, which have increased in incidence.

Depressive symptoms and automatic negative thoughts as predictors of suicidal ideation in Mexican adolescents / Síntomas depresivos y pensamientos automáticos negativos como predictores de la ideación suicida en adolescentes mexicanos

Abstract Introduction Since little is known about the factors associated with suicidal ideation in adolescents, identifying them is important for developing suitable preventive strategies. Objective To analyze the variables associated with the presence of suicidal ideation, as well as the predictive power of depressive symptoms and negative automatic thoughts. Method A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted with 409 students between the ages of 15 and 19 randomly selected in a public school in the State of Mexico. An ad hoc questionnaire that gathered information on sociodemographic and psychological variables and substance use, the Depression Scale of the Center for Epidemiological Studies (CESD-R), the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (ATQ-30), and the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (SSI) were administered. Results From the total of the sample, 14.9% presented suicidal ideation. A positive, significant association was observed between the latter and gender, having divorced parents, professing Catholicism, using tobacco and drugs, and having experienced violence and anguish in the last semester, presenting depressive symptoms, negative automatic thoughts and having attempted suicide. Being a woman (OR = 2.55 [1.02, 6.38]), using drugs (OR = 3.44 [1.23, 9.57]), having probable depression (OR = 4.37 [1.68, 11.36]), experiencing negative thoughts (OR = 6.03 [2.40, 15.10]), and having attempted suicide (OR = 22.66 [1.58, 325.29]) predicted the appearance of suicidal ideas. Discussion and conclusion Risk factors for suicidal ideation in adolescents have been identified and they must be taken into account in preventive programs.

Resumen Introducción Se sabe poco de los factores que se asocian a la ideación suicida en adolescentes e identificarlos es importante para desarrollar estrategias preventivas adecuadas. Objetivo Analizar las variables que se asocian a la presencia de ideación suicida y conocer el poder predictivo de los síntomas depresivos y los pensamientos automáticos negativos. Método Se realizó un estudio transversal prospectivo con 409 estudiantes de entre 15 y 19 años seleccionados aleatoriamente en una escuela pública del Estado de México. Se aplicó un cuestionario ad hoc que recogía información sobre variables sociodemográficas, psicológicas y consumo de sustancias. Para ello se usaron la Escala de Depresión del Centro de Estudios Epidemiológicos (CESD-R), el Cuestionario de Pensamientos Automáticos (ATQ-30) y la Escala de Ideación Suicida de Beck (ISB). Resultados Un 14.9% de la muestra presentaba ideación suicida. Se observó una asociación positiva y significativa entre la misma y el sexo, tener padres divorciados, profesar la religión católica, consumir tabaco y drogas, así como haber sufrido violencia y angustia en el último semestre, haber presentado síntomas depresivos, pensamientos automáticos negativos e intentos de suicidio. Ser mujer (OR = 2.55 [1.02, 6.38]), consumir drogas (OR = 3.44 [1.23, 9.57]), presentar probable depresión (OR = 4.37 [1.68, 11.36]), tener pensamientos negativos (OR = 6.03 [2.40, 15.10]) y haber intentado suicidarse (OR = 22.66 [1.58, 325.29]) predicen la aparición de ideas suicidas. Discusión y conclusión En adolescentes se han identificado factores de riesgo para presentar ideación suicida, los cuales deben tenerse en cuenta en los programas preventivos.

Calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en adultos con normopeso, sobrepeso y obesidad / Health-related quality of life in normal weight, overweight and obese adults

Resumen Actualmente el sobrepeso y la obesidad presentan una alta prevalencia a nivel mundial, y se encuentran relacionados con enfermedades crónico-degenerativas, mortalidad prematura y disminución en la calidad de vida. El propósito de esta investigación fue comparar la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) en función del estado de nutrición (EN) y sexo. Participaron 202 adultos (84 hombres y 118 mujeres), con una edad entre 18 y 81 años (M =39.74 DE = 13.77), quienes fueron distribuidos por su EN en: normopeso, sobrepeso y obesidad. Los participantes completaron el cuestionario 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). En la muestra predominó la dimensión Función física (FF), considerándola muy buena. Las dimensiones Rol emocional (RE), Rol físico (RF), Vitalidad (VT) y Salud mental (SM) se ubicaron en el nivel de bueno, y solamente la Salud general (SG) se consideró regular. En el caso de la comparación entre los grupos en función del EN no se encontraron diferencias significativas; sin embargo, en la comparación por sexo, los hombres obtuvieron mayores puntuaciones en: FF, SM, VT y RE. Se concluye que no hay diferencia estadísticamente significativa de la CVRS entre los grupos por EN, no obstante, al realizar la comparación por sexo se encuentran diferencias significativas a favor de los hombres.

Abstract Overweight and obesity currently have a high prevalence worldwide, are related to chronic degenerative diseases, premature mortality and the decline in quality of life. The purpose of the present investigation was to compare the quality of life related to health (HRQoL) between groups by their nutritional status (NS) and by sex. There was a sample of 202 participants (84 men and 118 women) with an age between 18 and 81 years (M =39.74 SD = 13.77), distributed by their NS in: normal weight, overweight and obesity, they were administered the questionnaire 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). In the general sample, the Physical Function (PF) dimension was predominant, being considered as very good, the scores obtained in the Emotional Role (ER), Physical Role (PR), Vitality (VT) and Mental Health (MH) dimensions were in a range estimated as good and only the General Health (GH) dimension was considered regular. In the case of the comparison between the groups by state of nutrition, no statistically significant differences were found between them, however, in the comparison made by sex, statistically significant differences were found in the factors of PF, MH, VT and ER in favor of the group of men. In conclusion, there is not statistically significant difference of the HRQoL between the groups by NS, nevertheless, when performing the comparison by sex, significant differences are found in favor of the men.

Relación de la grasa corporal con la alimentación emocional y calidad de la dieta en universitarios de México / Relationship of body fat with emotional eating and quality of diet in university students from Mexico

La obesidad es un problema de salud pública. La comprensión de factores tanto emocionales como dietéticos relacionados a su desarrollo es fundamentales para abordar este problema. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar por sexo y edad la relación de la grasa corporal con la alimentación emocional (AE) y la calidad de la dieta (CD) en población universitaria. Se realizó un estudio transversal en el que participaron 367 estudiantes universitarios de medicina (65 % mujeres). El porcentaje de grasa se midió a través de bioimpedancia eléctrica. La alimentación emocional (AE) (emoción, familia, indiferencia, cultura y efecto del alimento) se obtuvo de la escala de AE y la calidad de la dieta (CD)a partir de índice de calidad de la dieta mexicana (ICMX) (suficiente, balanceada, completa, variada e inocua), mediante un cuestionario semicuantitativo de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos. Para identificar qué variables independientes explican el porcentaje de grasa corporal se utilizó la regresión lineal múltiple. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre sexos, los hombres presentaron valores superiores a las mujeres en edad, peso, altura e IMC (kg/m2), mientras que las mujeres presentaron un mayor porcentaje de grasa corporal respecto a los hombres. La cultura (p=,001) y efecto del alimento (p=,006), factores de la AE, predijeron menor porcentaje de grasa corporal en hombres mayores de 20 años. Resulta necesario implementar programas de salud, que vayan encaminados a un consumo saludable de alimentos mediante actividades recreativas y con el acompañamiento de profesionales de la salud durante la universidad(AU)

Obesity is a public health problem. Understanding both emotional and dietary factors related to its development are essential to address this problem. The objective of this study was to analyze by sex and age the relationship of body fat with emotional eating (EE) and diet quality (DQ) in university population. A cross-sectional study was carried out in which 367 university medical students participated (65% women). Body fat percentage was measured through electrical bioimpedance. Emotional eating (EE) (emotion, family, indifference, culture and effect of food) was obtained from the EE scale and diet quality (DQ) from the Mexican Diet Quality Index (MDQI) (sufficient, balanced, complete, varied and innocuous), using a semi-quantitative food consumption frequency questionnaire. Multiple linear regression was used to identify which independent variables explain body fat percentage. Statistically significant differences were found between sexes, men had higher values than women in age, weight, height, and BMI (kg/m2), while women had a higher body fat percentage compared to men. Culture (p = .001) and effect of food (p = .006), factors of EE, predicted lower body fat percentage in men older than 20 years. It is necessary to implement health programs that are aimed at a healthy consumption of food through recreational activities and with the accompaniment of health professionals during university(AU)

Muestreo aleatorio de base espacial y su utilidad en la investigación epidemiológica / Space-based random sampling and its usefulness in epidemiological research

La correcta aplicación de las técnicas del proceso de muestreo se ha hecho indispensable para la investigación en el campo de la epidemiologia, el desafío de todo investigador, es que los resultados de unos cuantos, puedan ser extrapolables para una población. El presente artículo, es una revisión no sistemática, que proporciona información sobre la aplicación de un método de muestreo aleatorio asociado con una ubicación geográfica, para el estudio de "Valores de Referencia de la Fuerza de Agarre en adultos del departamento de Cochabamba-Bolivia". Primeramente, en la introducción se revisa la importancia de estimación de parámetros poblaciones de referencia, a partir de preguntas descriptivas. Seguidamente se menciona las características de la investigación epidemiológica asociada a la espacialidad; en tercer lugar, se detalla la metodología y las experiencias que conllevo la aplicación del muestreo en el proyecto. Finalmente se hace un hincapié en la necesidad y relevancia del uso de esta metodología.

The correct application of the sampling process techniques has become indispensable for research in the field of epidemiology, the challenge of every researcher, is that the results of a few can be extrapolated to a population. This article is a non-systematic review, which provides information on the application of a random sampling method associated with a geographical location, for the study of "Reference Values of Grip Force in adults of the department of Cochabamba-Bolivia". First, the introduction reviews the importance of estimating reference population parameters, based on descriptive questions. Next, the characteristics of the epidemiological research associated with spatiality are mentioned, in third place, the methodology and the experiences that the application of sampling in the project entails. Finally, an emphasis is placed on the need and relevance of the use of this methodology.

Aportes al estudio de las relaciones entre memoria episódica y teoría de la mente / Contributions to the Study of the Relations Between Episodic Memory and Theory of Mind

Resumen La teoría de la mente emerge en el desarrollo con anterioridad a la memoria episódica, posibilitando a través de la capacidad de metarrepresentación el desdoblamiento y viaje mental que ella misma implica. Para la evaluación de los procesos se administraron las Historias Extrañas de Happé, el Test de las miradas, el Test de Aprendizaje Verbal España-Complutense y una tarea experimental a 20 mujeres con diagnóstico de Síndrome de Turner y sus respectivos controles. Los resultados indican dificultades en ambos procesos cognitivos y correlaciones entre la teoría de la mente e indicadores de memoria episódica de contenido y de la fuente. Se hipotetiza que la anatomía cerebral atípica, propia de esta población, traería problemas en el desarrollo de la teoría de la mente y esto, a su vez, podría asociarse con dificultades en los mecanismos de metarrepresentación y reexperimentación subjetiva de vivencias que la memoria episódica implica. Los resultados obtenidos permiten una mayor comprensión del perfil neuropsicológico de las mujeres con diagnóstico de Síndrome de Turner y podrían servir de insumo teórico para el diseño de estrategias clínicas y psicoeducativas que tiendan a fomentar, en esta población, las habilidades de teoría de la mente y memoria episódica.

Abstract The present study explores the relations between the cognitive and affective processes of theory of mind and verbal episodic memory in women diagnosed with Turner Syndrome, a chromosomal disorder caused by a missing or incomplete X chromosome in females. Women with this diagnostic present an atypical cerebral morphology affecting frontal and temporoparietal zones. These areas match the neuroanatomic substratum shared by both theory of mind and episodic memory. The concept of theory of mind refers to the ability to anticipate others' social behavior through the attribution and understanding of mental entities such as desires, beliefs, emotions and intentions. It is a complex skill that involves not only the mental representation of something that cannot be observed directly, but also the decentration of one's own perspective and the use of these skills to predict behaviors. This ability is composed by two different processes: a cognitive theory of mind that refers to the ability to make inferences about desires, beliefs and intentions of other people; and an affective theory of mind, related to the ability to infer others' emotions, understanding the affective mental states and adopting the point of view of the other person, without experiencing these emotions. In the particular case of women diagnosed with Turner Syndrome, there is evidence supporting the hypothesis that this population presents general difficulties in this ability, showing a greater deficit in cognitive theory of mind. On the other hand, episodic memory consists of the memory that one has of past experiences. This memory system is a psychological process of paramount importance for human beings, since it enables the remembrance of something that has happened a long time ago. It allows the person to re-experience events that occurred earlier in his or her life, involving the ability to generate meta-representational comments on how knowledge was obtained. This way, people revive, through self-awareness, previous experiences and also project similar experiences to the future. Episodic memory can be divided into the memory about the occurrence of an event (item memory) and the memory of the phenomenological context of the event, which involves the handling of spatial, temporal, emotional and perceptual information (source memory). It is considered that theory of mind has an earlier development than episodic memory, enabling through the capacity of meta-representation the unfolding and mental journey that episodic memory implies. In order to evaluate these processes, a battery of four tests was administered to 20 women diagnosed with Turner Syndrome and their respective controls: Happé Strange Stories, the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, the Spain-Complutense Verbal Learning Test and an experimental task. Results indicate difficulties in both cognitive processes, as well as correlations between theory of mind and indicators of item and source memory. A possible hypothesis could argue that the atypical cerebral anatomy of women diagnosed with Turner Syndrome would result in theory of mind deficits, and these in turn could be associated with difficulties in the capacities of meta-representation and subjective re-experimentation of past events needed by episodic memory. These results enable a better comprehension of the neuropsychological profile of women diagnosed with Turner Syndrome and could serve as a theoretical input for the design of clinical and psychoeducational strategies that tend to promote theory of mind and episodic memory in this population.

Reconocimiento de Expresiones Faciales Emocionales. Diferencias en el Desarrollo / Developmental Differences in the Recognition of Facial Expressions of Emotions / Reconhecimento de Expressões Faciais Emocionais: Diferenças no Desenvolvimento

RESUMEN El trabajo se propuso caracterizar el reconocimiento facial de emociones en población infanto-juvenil. Se administró una adaptación digital del Test Pictures of Facial Affects a 147 participantes de entre 9 y 18 años. Los resultados evidenciaron una asociación negativa entre la edad y la tasa de aciertos para alegría y positiva para asco y miedo. Además, se evidenció un efecto significativo de la edad en los tiempos de respuesta de todas las emociones a excepción del miedo. Los resultados sugieren que a medida que aumenta la edad el reconocimiento emocional es más veloz, sin embargo, esto se refleja en una mejoría en el reconocimiento emocional sólo en asco y miedo. Se discuten la importancia de estas emociones para la adolescencia.

RESUMO Este trabalho se propôs a caracterizar o reconhecimento facial de emoções na população infanto-juvenil. Aplicou-se uma versão digital do Test Pictures of Facial Affects a 147 participantes com idades entre 9 e 18 anos. Os resultados evidenciaram uma associação negativa entre a idade e taxa de acertos para alegria, bem como uma associação negativa para nojo e medo. Identificou-se, ainda, um efeito significativo da idade nos tempos de resposta para todas as emoções, com exceção de medo. Os resultados sugerem que, conforme aumenta a idade, o reconhecimento facial se torna mais rápido. No entanto, isso só se refletiu em uma melhora no reconhecimento facial para nojo e medo. Discute-se a importância dessas emoções para a adolescência.

ABSTRACT This research aimed to characterize the recognition of basic emotions in facial expressions in children and adolescents. A digital adaptation of the Pictures of Facial Affects test was administered to 147 participants of both sexes, between 9 and 18 years old. Results showed a negative association between age and rate of success in recognition of joy, and a positive association between age and rate of success in recognition of disgust and fear. A significant effect of age on the recognition of all emotions except fear was found regarding reaction times. These results suggest that as age increases, emotional recognition is faster. However, this is not reflected in an improvement in emotional recognition. The only cases in which recognition was enhanced with age were disgust and fear. The importance of these emotions for adolescence is discussed.

Functional and genomic characterization of three novel cell lines derived from a metastatic gallbladder cancer tumor

BACKGROUND: Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is the most common tumor of the biliary tract. The incidence of GBC shows a large geographic variability, being particularly frequent in Native American populations. In Chile, GBC represents the second cause of cancer-related death among women. We describe here the establishment of three novel cell lines derived from the ascitic fluid of a Chilean GBC patient, who presented 46% European, 36% Mapuche, 12% Aymara and 6% African ancestry. RESULTS: After immunocytochemical staining of the primary cell culture, we isolated and comprehensively characterized three independent clones (PUC-GBC1, PUC-GBC2 and PUC-GBC3) by short tandem repeat DNA profiling and RNA sequencing as well as karyotype, doubling time, chemosensitivity, in vitro migration capability and in vivo tumorigenicity assay. Primary culture cells showed high expression of CK7, CK19, CA 19-9, MUC1 and MUC16, and negative expression of mesothelial markers. The three isolated clones displayed an epithelial phenotype and an abnormal structure and number of chromosomes. RNA sequencing confirmed the increased expression of cytokeratin and mucin genes, and also of TP53 and ERBB2 with some differences among the three cells lines, and revealed a novel exonic mutation in NF1. The PUC-GBC3 clone was the most aggressive according to histopathological features and the tumorigenic capacity in NSG mice. CONCLUSIONS: The first cell lines established from a Chilean GBC patient represent a new model for studying GBC in patients of Native American descent.

Relationship between stressful life events and emotional intelligence in Mexican adolescents: Male vs. female comparative study / Relación entre sucesos estresantes de la vida e inteligencia emocional percibida en adolescentes mexicanos: Estudio comparativo entre hombres y mujeres

Abstract Introduction Adolescents can present high levels of stress when faced with various biopsychosocial changes, affecting their daily activities and influencing the initiation and development of risk behaviours and/or a mental disorder. Therefore, it is important to identify protective factors against stress, such as emotional intelligence, for adolescents. Objective Determine the effect of stressful life events (SLE) and perceived emotional intelligence (PEI) on the stress level in adolescent high school students and identify differences by sex. Method Cross-sectional study, 1 417 adolescents (57% women and 43% men), with an average age of 15.90 (SD = .91), who were evaluated in levels of PEI, SLE, and stress perceived. Results The results show high rates of stressful events experienced. Attention to emotions increases the perception of stress in both sexes, while clarity and emotional repair have a stress-reducing effect on women. Discussion and conclusions The results suggest that the PEI is determinant in the emotional self-control and the adaptive capacity of the adolescent to face stressful situations.

Resumen Introducción Los adolescentes pueden presentar altos niveles de estrés cuando se enfrentan a diversos cambios biopsicosociales, que afectan sus actividades diarias e influyen en el inicio y el desarrollo de conductas de riesgo y/o trastornos mentales. Por lo tanto, es importante identificar en los adolescentes los factores de protección contra el estrés, como el caso de la inteligencia emocional. Objetivo Determinar el efecto de los sucesos vitales estresantes (SVE) y de la inteligencia emocional percibida (IEP) sobre el nivel de estrés en los adolescentes estudiantes de bachillerato e identificar las diferencias por sexo. Método Estudio transversal, con una muestra de 1 417 adolescentes (57% mujeres y 43% hombres), con una edad media de 15.90 (SD = .91), a los que se evaluó en niveles de IEP, los SVE y el estrés percibido de dichos SVE experimentados. Resultados Los resultados muestran altos índices de eventos estresantes experimentados. La atención a las emociones incrementa la percepción de estrés en ambos sexos, mientras que la claridad y la reparación emocional tienen un efecto amortiguador del estrés en mujeres. Discusión y conclusión Estos resultados sugieren que la IEP resulta determinante en el autocontrol emocional y la capacidad adaptativa del adolescente para afrontar situaciones estresantes.

Genómica Social: Relaciones entre teoría de la mente y cariotipo en mujeres con diagnóstico de Síndrome de Turner / Social Genomics: Relationships between theory of mind and karyotype in women diagnosed with Turner Syndrome

La teoría de la mente refiere a la capacidad cognitiva de atribuir mente a los demás y de predecir y comprender su comportamiento en términos de entidades mentales como creencias, deseos e intenciones. Investigaciones recientes sugieren una distinción entre una teoría de la mente afectiva y una cognitiva, asignándoles un sustrato neuroanatómico específico. El Síndrome de Turner es un trastorno genético determinado por la deleción total o parcial del cromosoma X en el sexo femenino. Dadas las características biológicas, psicológicas y sociales encontradas en estas mujeres, pueden ser consideradas como una población relevante para el estudio de la teoría de la mente según parámetros biológicos como la expresión diferencial de los genes del cromosoma X. Objetivos y métodos: los objetivos de este estudio fueron describir la teoría de la mente cognitiva y afectiva en 22 mujeres con diagnóstico de Síndrome de Turner y determinar si existen perfiles distintivos de teoría de la mente asociados al cariotipo. Resultados y discusión: Los resultados indicaron que las mujeres con diagnóstico de Síndrome de Turner presentan dificultades generales en teoría de la mente, observándose un menor rendimiento en el aspecto cognitivo de esta capacidad. Asimismo, se encontró que un mayor daño genético se encuentra relacionado a mayores dificultades en la teoría de la mente cognitiva, vinculada a zonas corticales de procesamiento no automático

Theory of mind refers to the cognitive ability to attribute mind to others, and to predict and understand their behavior in terms of mental entities such as beliefs, desires and intentions. Recent research suggests a distinction between an affective and a cognitive theory of mind, assigning a specific neuroanatomical substrate to each one. Turner Syndrome is a genetic disorder that only affects women, and it's determined by a partial or complete deletion of the X-chromosome. Given the biological, psychological and social characteristics found in these women, they can be considered as a relevant population for the study of theory of mind according to biological parameters such as differential expression of the X-chromosome genes. Aims and methods: The aims of this study were to describe cognitive and affective theory of mind in 22 women diagnosed with Turner Syndrome and to determine if there are distinctive theory of mind profiles depending on the karyotype. Results and discussion: Results indicated that women diagnosed with Turner Syndrome present general difficulties in theory of mind, showing a lower performance on the cognitive aspect of this ability. Additionally, evidence was found suggesting that a greater genetic damage is related to greater difficulties in cognitive theory of mind, which is linked to cortical areas of non-automatic processing.

Relaciones entre empatia y teoría de la mente en niños y adolescentes / Relation between Empathy and Theory of Mind in Children and Adolescents / Relações entre empatia e teoria da mente em crianças e adolescentes

Resumen Objetivo. Caracterizar la teoría de la mente (TM) y la empatía en niños y adolescentes, y analizar si existe una interacción diferencial entre ambos procesos según la etapa del desarrollo. Este objetivo se basa en que el estudio de la cognición social sugiere que la TM asiste a la capacidad empática en la atribución de emociones y de la comprensión del estado emocional ajeno. Método. Estudio correlacional con diseño transversal-correlacional. Se empleó una muestra no probabilística de 168 participantes (61 niños y 107 adolescentes) de ambos sexos. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron el Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) y el Test de las Miradas. Resultados. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la subescala preocupación empática (t = -3,53, p = 0.001) y en el Test de las Miradas (t = -2.94, p = 0.004) a favor de los adolescentes; sin embargo, no se hallaron diferencias entre grupos de acuerdo a las escalas cognitivas del IRI (t = 1.07, p = 0.82; t = -0.04, p = 0.96). En cuanto a la relación entre los procesos cognitivos sociales, se encontró una correlación positiva entre la empatía y la TM en los niños (r = 0.24, p = 0.54) y negativa en los adolescentes (r = -0.19, p = 0.49). Conclusión. Existe complementariedad funcional entre la empatía cognitiva y la TM en la infancia, pero no en la adolescencia, etapa en la que dichos procesos parecen comenzar a funcionar con mayor independencia.

Abstract Objective. The study of social cognition provides neuroscientific evidence showing that the theory of mind (ToM) fosters empathy through the attribution of emotions and the understanding of the emotional state of others. This work aims to characterize empathy and ToM in children and adolescents, analyzing whether there is a differential interaction between both processes, according to the stage of development. Method. A correlational study with transversal-correlational design was employed. A non-probabilistic sample of 168 participants (61 children and 107 adolescents) were used in the study. The Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) and the Reading the Mind in the Eyes's Test were used. Results. According to the stage of development, statistically significant differences were found in the subscale Empathic Concern (t = -3,53, p = 0.001) and in Reading the Mind in the Eye's (t = -2.94, p = 0.004) in favor of adolescents, no differences between groups with respect to the IRI's cognitive scales (t = 1.07, p = 0.82; t = -0.04, p = 0.96) were found. Regarding the relation between social cognitive processes, a positive correlation between empathy and ToM in children (r = 0.24, p = 0.54), and a negative correlation in adolescents (r = -0.19, p = 0.49) was found. Conclusion. The results provide evidence in favor of the functional complementarity of cognitive empathy and ToM in childhood, but not in adolescence, a stage in which these processes seem to begin to function with greater independence.

Resumo Escopo. O estudo da cognição social sugere que a teoria da mente (TM) assiste à capacidade empática na atribuição de emoções e da compreensão do estado emocional alheio. Por isto, o presente trabalho, teve por escopo caracterizar a TM e a empatia em crianças e adolescentes e analisar a possibilidade de uma interação diferencial entre os dois processos segundo a etapa de desenvolvimento. Metodologia. Estudo correlacional com desenho Transversal-correlacional; foi empregada uma amostra não probabilística de 168 participantes (61 crianças e 107 adolescentes) dos dois sexos. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) e o Teste das Olhadas. Resultados. Foram encontrados diferencias estatisticamente significativas na sub-escada preocupação empática (t = -3,53, p = 0.001) e no teste das olhadas (t = -2.94, p = 0.004) a favor dos adolescentes; porém, não foram encontradas diferencias entre grupos de acordo às escadas cognitivas do IRI (t = 1.07, p = 0.82; t = -0.04, p = 0.96). Em quanto à relação entre os processos cognitivos sociais, foi encontrada uma correlação positiva entre empatia e a TM nas crianças (r = 0.24, p = 0.54) e negativas nos adolescentes (r = -0.19, p = 0.49). Conclusão. Existe complementariedade funcional entre a empatia cognitiva e a TM na infância, mas não na adolescência, etapa na que os processos mencionados parecem começar a funcionar com maior independência.

Diferencias en la aplicación de estrategias de afrontamiento adolescente entre alumnos hombres y mujeres del nivel medio superior / Differences in the implementation of adolescent coping strategies between men and women students upper level environment

La adolescencia está caracterizada por cambios tanto físicos como psicológicos y tiene como resultado la identidad y la madurez requeridas para la edad adulta. Los adolescentes inician una etapa de situaciones a las cuales deben dar respuesta, siendo el contexto escolar solo uno de los escenarios en los cuales ellos manifiestan su forma de afrontar las problemáticas o situaciones cotidianas. El afrontamiento ha sido estudiado por diversos autores. Esta investigación está sustentada en la propuesta de Frydenberg y Lewis (1993) que postula al afrontamiento como un proceso cognitivo y afectivo que permite a la persona responder de manera particular a un estímulo y esta respuesta a su vez le permite la adaptación social de acuerdo a su contexto. El objetivo del estudio realizado fue comparar los estilos y las estrategias de afrontamiento adolescente de acuerdo al sexo. Se trabajó con una muestra de estudiantes del nivel medio superior de una escuela pública del Estado de México (México). El rango de edad fue de 15-16 años con un promedio de 15.28 +- .48, siendo 268 hombres y 367 mujeres. Se aplicó la Escala de Afrontamiento para Adolescentes de Frydenberg y Lewis (1993). Los resultados presentan diferencias significativas en los estilos con respecto al sexo, ya que en los hombres es el estilo que presenta las medias más altas, y un puntaje de 70 a 89 indica que éste se emplea a menudo. También se encontraron diferencias en algunas de las estrategias de afrontamiento. Lo anterior permitió concluir que en los adolescentes la manera de afrontar sus problemas está relacionada con sus vivencias pasadas y el afrontamiento es una manera de autorregulación, corroborando así las diferencias del uso de afrontamiento entre hombres y mujeres adolescentes.

Adolescence is the stage that is characterized by both physical and psychological changes that will result in the identity and maturity required for adulthood. The adolescents begin a stage of situations to which to respond, being the school context only one of the scenarios in which they manifest their way of facing the problems or everyday situations. In this,as in all contexts, adolescents need to have personal resources that allow them to cope with problems and reduce stress. Coping has been studied from several authors, so this research is based on the proposal of Frydenberg and Lewis (1993) which postulate coping as a cognitive and affective process that allows the person to respond in a particular way to a stimulus and this answer in turn will allow you or not the social adaptation according to its context. It has been pointed out that while coping is dynamic, not all forms of coping can be the best, everything will depend on the moment and what is faced. However, the more unproductive the ways of coping, the mental health of the adolescent and of every individual will be negatively affected. The coping for Frydenberg and Lewis (1993) is divided in three same styles that derive in 18 strategies. Coping is considered with reference to the problem as the type of coping that allows to give solution and to diminish the tension. With respect to coping with others this will allow the search for support in others that allow to decrease the tension and with that to pretend the problem. And finally the non-productive coping that refers to only reducing tension but not solving the problem and even leads to self-incrimination. The objective of the study was to compare styles and strategies of adolescent coping according to sex. For this purpose we worked with a sample of students of the upper middle level of public school of the State of Mexico, Mexico. The age range was 15-16 years with an average of 15.28 +- .48, with 268 men and 367 women. The Frydenberg and Lewis Teen Coping Scale (1993) was applied. The results showed significant differences in problem solving and non-productive styles. While the reference style to others did not differ in sex, differences were found in some coping strategies, noting that women employed more non-productive strategies than men, and it was corroborated that men tended to To employ more strategies that correspond to the problem-solving style, as is the case of physical distraction and relaxing amusements that has been a factor reported in several studies. This allowed us to conclude that in adolescents the way to face their problems is related to their past experiences and coping is a way of self-regulation. Corroborating the differences in the use of coping among adolescent men and women. In addition to allowing new lines of research to be proposed that favorably impact not only on the school context of the student but in all its surroundings. Considering that if the confrontation is not unique and static, but that this is going to be exercised according to the situation and the previous experiences, one would have to contemplate the relation with the mental health. Pointing to this last aspect, since the theoretical contributions point out that when it is not adequately addressed, it puts at risk mental health and reflects the lack of psychological resources to handle life. It would be necessary to investigate more about the social demands of gender role, since when differences are found between men and women, this becomes a factor worthy of being studied, but no longer as being a man or a woman but about the behaviors allowed according to the role of socially assigned gender.

Eventos potencialmente traumáticos y sintomatología postraumática en estudiantes de preparatoria / Potentially traumatic events and post-traumatic symptomatology in high school students

Resumen: Objetivo: Describir la ocurrencia de eventos potencialmente traumáticos (EPT) en estudiantes de preparatoria, medir la sintomatología postraumática subumbral en quienes aún sufren repercusiones de un EPT y asociar la sintomatología con variables sociodemográficas y características del EPT. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal analítico realizado en un muestra por conveniencia de 1000 estudiantes de tres preparatorias del Estado de México. Se aplicó la Escala para Estrés Postraumático en Universitarios Mexicanos. Se evaluó la presencia de síntomas y su frecuencia; la asociación con variables explicativas se realizó con modelos de regresión logística y cuantílica, respectivamente. Resultados: 80% reportó un EPT. De éstos, 79% aún sufría repercusiones actuales y casi la mitad de ellos presentó sintomatología. El sexo, número de eventos y características del EPT (cambios percibidos y gravedad) se encontraron asociados. Conclusiones: Los resultados sugieren intervenir tempranamente para disminuir el riesgo de desarrollar un trastorno.

Abstract: Objective: Describe the occurrence of potentially traumatic events (PTE) in high-school students, measure subthreshold post-traumatic symptomatology in those who still experience PTE repercussions and associate the symptomatology with sociodemographic and PTE characteristics. Materials and methods: Analytic transversal study carried out in a convenience sample of one thousand students from three high schools in the State of Mexico. The Scale for Post Traumatic Stress in University Students was applied. The presence of symptoms, their frequency and their association with explanatory variables was assessed by means of logistic and quantile logistic regression models, respectively. Results: 80% reported PTE. Of this, 79% still experienced current repercussions and almost a half presented symptomatology. Gender, number of events, and PTE characteristics (perceived and grave symptoms) were associated. Conclusions: Results suggest to intervene early to reduce the risk of developing a disorder.

Conocimientos y prácticas sobre lactancia materna en Cochabamba-Bolivia: un estudio departamental / Knowledge and practices about breastfeeding in Cochabamba-Bolivia: A Departamental study

Introducción: a pesar de la importancia que representa la lactancia materna; la OMS indica que ningún país en el mundo cumple plenamente las normas recomendadas para la lactancia materna. Objetivo: evaluar los conocimientos y las prácticas sobre lactancia materna y su relación con factores sociodemográficos en el departamento de Cochabamba, Bolivia. Métodos: se realizó un estudio poblacional, observacional, descriptivo de corte transversal, mediante encuestas cara a cara con 3515 cuidadores principales de niños y niñas menores de 2 años, de 45/47 municipios de Cochabamba, seleccionadas en base a la estrategia del LQAS del Sistema de Vigilancia Nutricional Comunitario. Se utilizaron métodos de estadística descriptiva; así como la regresión logística bivariada para el cálculo de Odds Ratio (OR) crudos y la regresión logística multivariada para la obtención del OR ajustado para analizar el nivel de riesgo de las variables sociodemográficas evaluadas. Resultados: 98,95% de los niños menores de 2 años lactaron; 85,6% de los niños menores de 6 meses cumplen con la lactancia materna exclusiva y solo el 14,74% de los niños mayores de 6 meses no cumplieron con el tiempo mínimo de Lactancia materna exclusiva. Los factores asociados a una inadecuada practica de lactancia materna detectados fueron: la escolaridad (OR=1,54) y el vivir en la región Metropolitana (OR=5,25) o el Trópico de Cochabamba (OR=4,56). Conclusiones: en Cochabamba Bolivia se cuenta con índices elevados de Lactancia Materna Exclusiva (86,09%) y Lactancia Materna Total (96,87%); estos indicadores se ven asociados a factores sociodemográficos como la edad, escolaridad y región de residencia.

Background: despite the importance of breastfeeding; WHO indicates that any country in the world not fully meets the recommended standards for breastfeeding. Objective: assess knowledge and practices about breastfeeding and its relationship with sociodemographic factors in Cochabamba department from Bolivia. Methods: a cross-sectional, of population-based study was conducted through face to face surveys with 3515 primary caregivers for children under than 2 years, in 45/47 municipalities of Cochabamba, selected based on the strategy LQAS of Community Nutritional Surveillance System. Descriptive statistics methods were used; and bivariate logistic regression to calculate odds ratio (OR) crude and multivariate logistic regression to obtaining OR adjusted to analyze the level of risk of sociodemographic variables assessed. Results: 98.95% of children under 2 years old breastfed; 85.6% of children under 6 months of age comply with exclusive breastfeeding and only 14.74% of children older than 6 months did not meet the minimum time for exclusive breastfeeding. The factors associated with an inadequate practice of breastfeeding detected were: schooling (OR = 1.54) and living in the Metropolitan region (OR = 5.25) or the Tropic area of Cochabamba (OR = 4.56). Conclusions: in Cochabamba Bolivia, there are high rates of Exclusive Maternal Breastfeeding (86.09%) and Total Breastfeeding (96.87%); these indicators are associated with socio-demographic factors such as age, education and region of residence.

Masa grasa corporal en escolares y adolescentes en la zona de la Tamborada Cochabamba, Bolivia / Mass body fat in schoolchildren and adolescents in the area of the Tamborada Cochabamba, Bolivia

Objetivo: determinar la proporción de masa grasa corporal cuantificada con pliegues subcutáneos en escolares y adolescentes de la zona de Tamborada de Cochabamba. Metodos: estudio descriptivo y transversal. Se evaluaron a 158 escolares y adolescentes de ambos sexos entre 7 a 17 años de edad, que asisten a guarderías y centros de apoyo escolar dependientes del Centro de Desarrollo Integral (CDI). Se evaluó el IMC según edad y sexo. Para el estudio de la distribución grasa corporal, se midieron los cuatro pliegues cutáneos, pliegue tricipital, bicipital, subescapular y suprailíaco, a partir de las ecuaciones de regresión múltiple de Brook y Siri, se obtuvo la densidad y con ello el volumen total de grasa corporal de cada sujeto. Resultados: para el indicador antropométrico IMC no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas para la variable sexo (p = 0,165). la masa grasa corporal en porcentaje (%); en el género masculino se puede observar que ésta aumenta progresivamente hasta los 12 años y posteriormente disminuye también progresivamente. En el caso de las mujeres desde el inicio se evidencia un ascenso hasta los 13 años, para luego descender en el porcentaje de masa grasa corporal. la asociación entre los valores del porcentaje de grasa corporal y las cifras del índice de masa corporal, hay una correlación muy alta entre ambas variables (r = 0,861; p < 0,001). Discusión y Conclusión: estos datos indican que el índice de masa corporal se incrementa entre los sujetos y las cifras de porcentaje de grasa mostraron un incremento en modo paralelo.

Objective: to determine the proportion of body fat mass quantified with subcutaneous folds in school children and adolescents in the area of "La Tamborada", Cochabamba. Methods: it is a descriptive and transversal study. A total of 158 schoolchildren and adolescents from both sexes and between 7 and 17 years of age that attend day care centers and school support centers under the Integral Development Center (CDI) were evaluated. BMI was assessed by age and sex. For the study of the body fat distribution, the four skinfolds, triceps, bicipital, subscapular and suprailiac fold were measured from Brook's and Siri multiple regression equations, the density was obtained and thus the total volume of Body fat of each subject. Results: for the anthropometric indicator BMI no statistically significant differences were found for the gender variable (p = 0.165). Body fat mass in percentage (%); in the masculine gender it is possible to be observed that this increases progressively until the 12 years and later also diminishes progressively. In the case of women from the beginning, an ascent up to the age of 13 is evident, in order to decrease the percentage of body fat. The association between body fat percentage values and body mass index values, there is a very high correlation between both variables (r = 0.861, p <0.001). Discussion and Conclusion: these data indicate that body mass index is increased between subjects and fat percentage figures showed an increase in parallel mode.

Prevalencia de problemas emocionales y conductuales en una muestra de adolescentes mexicanos / Prevalência de problemas emocional e comportamento em uma amostra de adolescentes mexicanos / Prevalence of emotional and behavioral problems in a sample mexican adolescents

Los trastornos mentales son considerados como un problema de salud pública, debido a su alta prevalencia. Por ello, el objetivo de la presente investigación fue obtener la Razón de Prevalencia (RP) de los problemas emocionales y conductuales de acuerdo al sexo en 653 adolescentes mexicanos con un rango de edad de 15 a 18 años, a través de la Escala de Problemas Emocionales y Conductuales validada por Andrade, Betancourt y Vallejo (2010). Los resultados obtenidos reportan que las mujeres tienen el 54% más riesgo de presentar problemas internalizados y externalizados en comparación con los hombres. Finalmente se enfatiza la necesidad de considerar las diferencias de cada sexo al evaluar los problemas emocionales y conductuales, así como en el desarrollo de estrategias encaminadas a la promoción de su salud.

Os transtornos mentais são considerados como um problema de saúde pública devido à sua alta prevalência. O objetivo deste trabalho foi fazer uma comparação por sexo da presença de problemas emocionais e comportamentais em 653 adolescentes mexicanos com uma faixa etária de 15 a 18 anos, através da Escala de Problemas Emocionais e Comportamentais, validada por Andrade, Betancourt e Vallejo (2010). Os resultados revelaram que as mulheres são 54% mais risco de internalização e externalização de problemas em relação aos homens. Finalmente, é enfatizada a necessidade de considerar as diferenças de cada sexo na avaliação de problemas emocionais e comportamentais, bem como no desenvolvimento de estratégias voltadas para a promoção de sua saúde.

Today, mental disorders are considered as a public health problem due to its high prevalence. Therefore the aim of this research was to make a comparison by gender of the presence of emotional and behavioral problems in 653 Mexican adolescents with an age range of 15 to 18 years, through the Problem Scale Emotions and Behavioral validated by Andrade, Betancourt and Vallejo (2010). The results show that women have a 54% higher risk of internalized and outsourced problems compared to men. Finally, the need to consider the differences of each sex in evaluating emotional and behavioral problems, as well as in the development of strategies aimed at promoting their health, is emphasized.

Habilidades sociales: su importancia en mujeres con diagnóstico de Síndrome de Turner / Social skills: their importance for women diagnosed with Turner Syndrome / Habilidades sociais: sua importância em mulheres com diagnóstico de Síndrome de Turner

La Psicología Positiva postula la importancia de trabajar desde una mirada integradora de cada persona incluyendo sus fortalezas y debilidades. Esta mirada resulta importante al trabajar con poblaciones físicas, psicológicas y socialmente vulnerables. El Síndrome de Turner es un trastorno cromosómico determinado por la deleción del cromosoma X en el sexo femenino, siendo la talla y la disgenesia gonadal sus principales características físicas. Las mismas tienen un gran impacto en el desarrollo psicológico de esta población generando problemas en la capacidad de establecer relaciones sociales óptimas. El objetivo del presente trabajo es referenciar la importancia del desarrollo de habilidades sociales en el Síndrome de Turner, principalmente durante la niñez y la adolescencia, considerando que las mismas operan como un recurso salugénico para evitar trastornos mayores en la vida adulta.

Positive Psychology proposes the importance of working based on an integrated view of each person, including their strengths and weaknesses. This view is important for work with physically, psychologically and socially vulnerable populations. Turner Syndrome is a chromosomal disorder determined by the deletion of the X chromosome in females, with size and gonadal dysgenesis as the main physical characteristics.This syndrome has a strong impact on the psychological development of this population, creating problems among women with Turner Syndrome as it affects their ability to establish optimal relationships. The aim of this study is to highlight the importance of developing social skills for women with Turner Syndrome, particularly during childhood and adolescence, considering that these skills act as a healing method that prevents further disorders during adulthood.

A Psicologia Positiva postula a importância de trabalhar a partir de uma visão integradora de cada pessoa, incluindo suas forças e fraquezas. Esta percepção se resulta importante ao trabalhar com populações físicas, psicológicas e socialmente vulneráveis. A Síndrome de Turner é um transtorno cromossômico determinado pela eliminação do cromossomo X no sexo feminino, sendo a estatura e a gonadal dysgenesis suas principais características físicas. Essas têm um grande impacto no desenvolvimento psicológico desta população gerando problemas na capacidade de estabelecer relações sociais ideais. O objetivo do presente trabalho é mostrar a importância do desenvolvimento de habilidades sociais em relação à Síndrome de Turner, principalmente durante a infância e a adolescência, considerando que estas operam como um recurso salugênico para evitar transtornos maiores na vida adulta

Mindfulness y síntomas de depresión en adolescentes mexicanos estudiantes de bachillerato

El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar la asociación entre síntomas depresivos y niveles de mindfulness en adolescentes mexicanos estudiantes de bachillerato. Se realizó un estudio transversal con 930 estudiantes de bachillerato entre 15 y 19 años de edad. Se aplicaron los instrumentos CESD (síntomas de depresión) y MAAS (mindfulness) y se encontró un 17.3% de prevalencia de síntomas depresivos. Además, el 55.2% de los participantes presentaron niveles bajos de mindfulness; los adolescentes con síntomas depresivos presentaron mayores niveles de mindfulness. La asociación entre síntomas de depresión y mindfulness fue negativa (r = -0.53; <.001). Conclusión: Impulsar el estudio sobre el rasgo de atención plena o mindfulness como un factor psicológico positivo porque se demuestra su efecto reductor en síntomas de depresión.

The objective of this research was to identify the relation between depressive symptoms and mindfulness levels in mexican adolescents high school students. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 930 baccalaureate students between 15 and 19 years old was performed. The instruments, CESD (depressive symptoms) and MAAS (mindfulness) were applied, finding a 17.3% prevalence of depressive symptoms, furthermore, 55.2% of participants had low levels of mindfulness, and also adolescents with depressive symptoms have higher levels of mindfulness. The relation between depression symptoms and mindfulness was negative (r = -0.53; <.001). Conclusion: Study the feature of full awareness or mindfulness as a positive psychological factor because it's reducing effect is demonstrated in psychological symptoms such as depression.

Relación entre tratamiento con hormona de crecimiento y perfiles de personalidad en mujeres con diagnóstico de Síndrome de Turner / Relationship between growth hormone treatment and personality profiles in women diagnosed with Turner Syndrome

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue identificar la existencia de perfiles distintivos en las escalas de personalidad en relación con la aplicación o no de hormona de crecimiento en 73 mujeres adultas con diagnóstico de Síndrome de Turner de Latinoamérica. Para ello se administró, en formato online, el Inventario Clínico Multiaxial de Millon II y un cuestionario clínico para recabar datos sobre la realización o no de tratamiento con hormona de crecimiento durante el desarrollo con el fin de omparar ambos grupos. Los resultados encontrados muestran que el grupo que no realizó tratamiento con hormona de crecimiento obtiene medias más altas en casi la totalidad de las escalas de personalidad básicas y patológicas en comparación con el grupo que sírealizó tratamiento, siendo dicha diferencia significativa en la escala esquizotípica. Esta escala se asocia con necesidades afectivas mínimas, aislamiento social y apego empobrecido. Estos resultados podrían dar cuenta que el tratamiento con hormona de crecimiento sería un factor positivo para esta población, favoreciendo el desarrollo de características de personalidad más adaptativas en relación a lo social.

The aim of this study was to identify the existence of distinctive profiles on the personality scales in relation to the application or not of the growth hormone in 73 adult women diagnosed with Turner Syndrome in Latin America. For it was administered, in online form, the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory II and a clinical questionnaire to collect data on the realization or non-treatment with growth hormone during development in order to compare both groups. The results show that the group did not make growth hormone treatment gets highest averages in nearly all of the basic and pathological personality scales compared to the group that if he completed treatment, being such significant difference in schizotypal scale. This scale is associatedwith minimal emotional needs, social isolation and impoverished attachment. These results might note that treatment with growth hormone could be a positive factorfor this population, favoring the development of more adaptive personality characteristics in relation to the social aspects.